General terms and conditions (T&C) in contract formation
In current business activities, the establishment and application of general terms and conditions (“ T&C ”) have become increasingly common, particularly for enterprises providing goods or services to a large number of customers. T&C help enterprises standardize contractual provisions, reduce negotiation costs, and ensure consistency in contract management. However, since they are unilaterally drafted and applied on a broad scale, such terms potentially pose risks of disadvantaging consumers or creating an imbalance of rights and obligations between the parties. Therefore, civil law and consumer protection law have established specific regulations to govern the application of T&C, aiming both to safeguard the freedom of business operations and to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the disadvantaged party in the transaction. 1. Definition of general terms and conditions (T&C) According to Article 406 of the Civil Code 2015, “ General terms and co...