Facts and circumstances exempt from proof in civil proceedings

In civil proceedings, the burden of proof plays a pivotal role in ensuring that disputes are adjudicated objectively and in accordance with the law. However, not every fact or circumstance is required to be proven by the parties. The 2015 Civil Procedure Code (“CPC 2015”) clearly stipulates certain categories of facts and circumstances for which the parties are exempt from providing proof, thereby shortening the duration of proceedings and enhancing the efficiency of adjudication. 

The principle of proof can be understood simply as follows: 

  • A party initiating a lawsuit or requesting the Court to protect its lawful rights and interests must bear the burden of proof. 
  • A party opposing a claim or asserting that the opposing party’s request is unfounded must also provide evidence to substantiate such assertion. 

This principle ensures fairness and prevents parties from making unsupported claims. Nonetheless, to maintain reasonableness and procedural efficiency, the law provides exceptions for certain facts and circumstances that do not require proof. 

Article 92 of the CPC 2015 Identifies Four Groups of Facts Exempt from Proof 

(i) Facts and circumstances that are obvious, commonly acknowledged, and known by the Court 

These are self-evident, publicly known events that require no additional supporting evidence.  

Example: The occurrence and conclusion of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 is a matter of public knowledge. The Court may acknowledge this fact without requiring the parties to provide evidence. 

(ii) Facts and circumstances already recorded in legally effective judgments or decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities 

Example: If a person has previously been legally recognized as a lawful heir of a deceased person, this fact need not be re-established in subsequent proceedings. 

(iii) Facts and circumstances contained in documents that have been duly notarized or certified 

Example: The signature of an individual on a notarized document does not require further verification of authenticity. A handwriting or signature examination is unnecessary even if requested by a party. 

However, if there are doubts regarding the objectivity of such facts or the notarized/certified document itself, the judge may be requested to require the parties or the relevant notarization/certification authority to produce the original document. The judge must not refuse such a request if the evidence submitted is not the original.  

(iv) Facts that a party admits or does not contest regarding facts, circumstances, documents, records, or expert conclusions presented by the opposing party 

Example: In a dispute over the sale of goods, if the defendant acknowledges in court that it owes the plaintiff VND 3 billion, the plaintiff is not required to provide evidence establishing the origin of the debt. The Court will also not require the defendant to submit documents such as delivery minutes, payment records, or statements of outstanding amounts. 

In practice, courts sometimes still require parties to provide documents and evidence relating to facts and circumstances that fall within the categories exempt from proof as prescribed above. Correct application of Article 92 CPC 2015 helps parties save time and costs, while ensuring that courts comply with fundamental procedural principles in civil litigation. 

Related posts

  1. Limitations in compensation for environmental damage through civil proceedings 
  2. Application of provisional urgent measures in civil proceedings

Disclaimers:

This article is for general information purposes only and is not intended to provide any legal advice for any particular case. The legal provisions referenced in the content are in effect at the time of publication but may have expired at the time you read the content. We therefore advise that you always consult a professional consultant before applying any content.

For issues related to the content or intellectual property rights of the article, please email cs@apolatlegal.vn.

Apolat Legal is a law firm in Vietnam with experience and capacity to provide consulting services related to Dispute Resolution and contact our team of lawyers in Vietnam via email info@apolatlegal.com.



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